Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints but can also have systemic implications, impacting multiple body systems, including skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of the membranes that surround the joints—leading to inflammation, pain, and swelling. Over time, if left untreated, RA can erode bone and cartilage, resulting in diminished joint function and mobility. The precise cause of RA is still uncertain, but factors such as genetics, hormonal changes, and environmental triggers are believed to play a role.
Individuals with RA often experience flares—periods of increased disease activity and symptom severity—followed by remission where symptoms may improve. Common signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, particularly in the morning or after prolonged inactivity. While there is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle adjustments can significantly manage symptoms and improve the quality of life. Effective treatment plans often include disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, as well as biological agents that target specific pathways in the inflammatory process.